<\/p>\n
\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 <\/span>Routledge<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <\/span><\/span>Democracy in the Arab World, explaining the deficit<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628) \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627(•)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c <\/span>Al-Ghannoushi, 2008<\/span><\/span><\/span>). \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 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\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c <\/span>Ottoway and Hamzawy, 2008<\/span><\/span><\/span>)\u060c \u0641\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0627\u064a \u0627\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 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\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (1) \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (2) \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 (<\/span>Plateau, 2008<\/span><\/span><\/span>)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (3) \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 (2008: 29-31) \u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (4) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\/\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 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\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (5) \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0651\u0650\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (6) \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c 2007 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (7) \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a (<\/span>Easterly ,2006: 124<\/span><\/span><\/span>) “\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644- \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (8) \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/span>Abdelwahab, Chapter 1, this volume; Sadiki, 2004; 2000,1999<\/span><\/span><\/span> ).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (9) \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628 (<\/span>Haseeb ,2008: 55-68<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n (10) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0634\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (<\/span>Shehabuddin ,2008: Chapter 1 and Coda<\/span><\/span><\/span>) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629. .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – \u0639\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2007.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2000.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2007.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 1999.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 2008.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – <\/span>Al-Ghannoushi, S. R.2008. “Islamist and Secular Intellectuals: Possibilities for Dialogue”. Paper presented at the conference on “Islamism, Democratization and Arab Intellectuals” organized by the Center for the Study of Democracy, the University of Westminster, December 4 – 5, London<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>Easterly, W. 2006. The White Man’s Burden. New York: Penguin Press<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>El Effendi, A. 2006. “Democracy and its (Muslim) Critics: an Islamic Alternative to Democracy?” in Muqtader Khan, ed. Islamic Democratic Discourse. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>Plateau, J.-P. 2008. “Religion, Politics and Development: Lessons from the Land of Islam”. Journal of Economic Behavior, 68, 2 (November<\/span><\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>Ottoway, M. and A. Hamzawy. 2008. Islamists in Politics, the Dynamics of Participation. Carnegie Papers, Middle East Program, Number 98, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>Sadiki, L. 2004. The Search for Arab Democracy, Discoveries and Counter-Discoveries. New York: Columbia University Press<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>Shehabuddin, E. 2008. Reshaping the Holy, Democracy, Development and Muslim Women in Bangladesh. New York: Columbia University Press<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/span>– <\/span>Waterbury, J. 1994. “Democracy Without Democrats, the Potential for Political Liberalization in the Middle East”, in Ghassan Salame. Ed. , Democracy Without Democrats, The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World. London and New York: I.B.Tauris<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631”<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 Routledge \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: Democracy in the Arab World, explaining the deficit \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628) \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627(•) \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pcZPZx-4M1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/94"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18353"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18353\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}