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\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646)&#8221;\u060c<strong> \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 01\u060c \u0635\u064a\u0641 2013.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a. &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f05\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 17\u060c \u0635\u064a\u0641 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636. &#8220;\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 24\u060c 21 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rzr5vX7JMVk\"><strong>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rzr5vX7JMVk<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06375\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 2012.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645. &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 20 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 25 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong>https:\/\/eipss-eg.org<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631. &#8220;\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 14\/02\/2011\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a: 01\/11\/2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ahewar.org\/debat\/show.art.asp?aid=246077&amp;r=0\"><strong>http:\/\/www.ahewar.org\/debat\/show.art.asp?aid=246077&amp;r=0<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c 2012.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f. &#8221; \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a &#8230; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a: 02\/01\/2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong>https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/knowledgegate\/opinions\/2013\/12\/23\/<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0637 1 (\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c 2015.<\/li>\n<li>\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640.&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 36\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2019.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0628. &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 38\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. <strong>\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 2014.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f. &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 05\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 17\u060c \u0635\u064a\u0641 2016.<\/li>\n<li>Arieff, Alexis, Humud, Carla E. \u201cPolitical Transition in Tunisia\u201d, <strong>Congressional Research Service<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>, February 10, 2015, P 07.<\/li>\n<li>Mansouri, Fethi, Armillei, Riccardo. \u201cThe democratic \u2018transition\u2019 in post-revolution Tunisia: conditions for successful \u2018consolidation\u2019 and future prospects\u201d, <strong>R\/evolutions: global trends &amp; regional issues<\/strong>, Vol. 4, N\u00b0.1, 2016<\/li>\n<li>Paciello, Maria Cristina. \u201cTunisia: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition\u201d, <strong>Medpro Technical Report<\/strong> N\u00b0. 3, May 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Zoubir, Yahia H. \u201cThe Democratic Transition in Tunisia: A Success Story in The Making\u201d, <strong>Research gate<\/strong>, N\u00b001, January 2015.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0637 5 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 2012)\u060c \u0635 45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c &#8220;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c <\/strong>\u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0637 1 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2018)\u060c \u0635 189.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/strong> (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c 2012)\u060c \u063507.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 14\/02\/2011\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a: 01\/11\/2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ahewar.org\/debat\/show.art.asp?aid=246077&amp;r=0\">http:\/\/www.ahewar.org\/debat\/show.art.asp?aid=246077&amp;r=0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 05\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 17 (\u0635\u064a\u0641 2016)\u060c \u0635 49.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 : \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0637 1 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c 2016)\u060c \u063516.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Fethi Mansouri, Riccardo Armillei, \u201cThe democratic \u2018transition\u2019 in post-revolution Tunisia: conditions for successful \u2018consolidation\u2019 and future prospects\u201d, <strong>R\/evolutions: global trends &amp; regional issues<\/strong>, Vol. 4, N\u00b0.1(2016)<strong>,<\/strong> P167.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8230; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 2012)\u060c \u0635 78.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Yahia H Zoubir, &#8220;The Democratic Transition in Tunisia: A Success Story in The Making&#8221;, <strong>Research gate<\/strong>, N\u00b001,( January 2015), P10.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0634 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627)\u060c <strong>\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u06371 (\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c 2018)\u060c \u0635 156.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Alexis Arieff, Carla E. Humud , \u201cPolitical Transition In Tunisia\u201d, <strong>Congressional Research Service<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>, February 10, (2015), P 07.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Maria Cristina Paciello, \u201cTunisia: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition\u201d, <strong>Medpro Technical Report<\/strong> N\u00b0. 3 (May 2011), P12<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0635\u0631 2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u06371 (\u062f\u0628\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a)\u060c 2016\u060c \u0635 26.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06371 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 2014)\u060c \u0635 \u0635 101- 113.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 20 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 25 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong>https:\/\/eipss-eg.org<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 36 (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2019)\u060c \u063511.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 38 (\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019)\u060c \u0635 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (102) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 90 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Yahia H Zoubir, <strong>op.cit<\/strong>, p16.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> ,Fethi Mansouri, Riccardo Armillei, <strong>op.cit<\/strong>, P171.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627)<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u0632\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2014)\u060c \u0635131.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06371 (\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c 2015)\u060c \u0635 118.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 24\u060c 21 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2019\u060c \u0641\u064a: <strong>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rzr5vX7JMVk<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635 146.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c &#8220;\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646)&#8221;\u060c<strong> \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 01 (\u0635\u064a\u0641 2013)\u060c \u0635 58.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>. \u0641\u064a: <u>https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/knowledgegate\/opinions\/2013\/12\/23<\/u><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":42746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored 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