{"id":45012,"date":"2021-12-08T18:10:49","date_gmt":"2021-12-08T16:10:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=45012"},"modified":"2021-12-08T18:10:49","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T16:10:49","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%91%d9%86%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%87%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=45012","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a.. \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0647\u0627\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"field field-name-field-header field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p><strong><em>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0631 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href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote2_a3mt4dr\">2<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651 <strong>\u0645\u064e\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/strong> (Two treatises of government) (\u0628\u064a\u0646 1679 \u06481681)\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media media-element-container media-wysiwyg media-wysiwyg-align-center\">\n<div id=\"file-9514\" class=\"file file-image file-image-jpeg\">\n<h2 class=\"element-invisible\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/file\/591px-godfreykneller-portraitofjohnlockehermitagejpg\">591px-godfrey_kneller_-_portrait_of_john_locke_hermitage.jpg<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"content\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"media-element file-wysiwyg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/image_intext\/public\/591px-godfrey_kneller_-_portrait_of_john_locke_hermitage.jpg?resize=591%2C720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"591\" height=\"720\" data-delta=\"3\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"required-fields group-text field-group-html-element\">\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643- \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0631 (1697)- \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643<a id=\"footnoteref3_uhwjt6y\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646\u2026\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u00bb \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u00ab\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (Patriarcha) \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: John Locke, Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration (Edited and with an Introduction by Ian Shapiro), chap. 1, Yale, 2003.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote3_uhwjt6y\">3<\/a>\u00a0\u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064e \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 <strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Negative liberty)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649\u00bb (The harm principle)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645: \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0630\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0624\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647<a id=\"footnoteref5_g7szsn1\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645. 6- JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by MARK PHILP and FREDERICK ROSEN), Oxford, 2015, p. 13.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote5_g7szsn1\">5<\/a>. \u0641\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<a id=\"footnoteref6_qwl5grr\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\" JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by MARK PHILP and FREDERICK ROSEN), Oxford, 2015, p. 13.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote6_qwl5grr\">6<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u064e\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651.<a id=\"footnoteref7_fu12ld5\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 92. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 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\u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b.<a id=\"footnoteref8_qi4t9k7\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE, Harvard, 1999, pp. 214.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote8_qi4t9k7\">8<\/a><\/p>\n<p 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class=\"element-invisible\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/file\/434px-onlibertyfirsteditiontitlepageviafacsimilejpg\">434px-on_liberty_first_edition_title_page_via_facsimile.jpg<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"content\"><a class=\"colorbox\" title=\" - \" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/colorbox_full\/public\/434px-on_liberty_first_edition_title_page_via_facsimile.jpg?ssl=1\" data-colorbox-gallery=\"gallery-file-9518-06b886anmqo\" data-cbox-img-attrs=\"{&quot;title&quot;: &quot;&quot;, &quot;alt&quot;: &quot;&quot;}\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"media-element file-colorbox\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/colorbox_full\/public\/434px-on_liberty_first_edition_title_page_via_facsimile.jpg?resize=434%2C720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"720\" data-delta=\"7\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u00ab\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u00bb (Night watchman state). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064e \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Foundational equality)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a 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\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651<a id=\"footnoteref10_a5kqigm\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b: Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book 1, Chicago, 1977, chap. 1-3.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote10_a5kqigm\">10<\/a>. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c 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title=\"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b: DENNIS C. 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\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb: James Gustave Speth, LETTER TO LIBERALS: LIBERALISM, ENVIRONMENTALISM, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, (Lecture at the 30th Annual E. F. Schumacher Lectures, New York City, Nov. 20, 2010.)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote12_bn6biie\">12<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0643\u0641\u0651 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f (\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 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dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb (The tyranny of the majority) \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627 (&#8230;) [\u0641\u0640] \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 (&#8230;) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 (&#8230;) \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 (&#8230;) \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u00bb.<a id=\"footnoteref15_a2agi0y\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism\u2026, p. 76.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote15_a2agi0y\">15<\/a>\u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u00bb \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong>(1971). \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Utilitarianism)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 [\u0647\u0648] \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u00bb. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 10 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064090 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<a id=\"footnoteref16_w65ooqm\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE, Harvard, 1999, pp. 137-145.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote16_w65ooqm\">16<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u0641\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media media-element-container media-wysiwyg media-wysiwyg-align-center\">\n<div id=\"file-9516\" class=\"file file-image file-image-jpeg\">\n<h2 class=\"element-invisible\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/file\/514px-johnrawls1971photoportraitjpg\">514px-john_rawls_1971_photo_portrait.jpg<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"content\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"media-element file-wysiwyg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/image_intext\/public\/514px-john_rawls_1971_photo_portrait.jpg?resize=514%2C720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"720\" data-delta=\"5\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"required-fields group-text field-group-html-element\">\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632 (1921- 2002)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u00ab\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u00bb<a id=\"footnoteref17_faelz8g\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 13.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote17_faelz8g\">17<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0647\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u00bb (Justice as fairness) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064d \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u00bb<a id=\"footnoteref18_erqyuz6\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 325.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote18_erqyuz6\">18<\/a> \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0646\u0651\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c.<a id=\"footnoteref19_gszffzz\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0622\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u00bb. Richard A. Posner: \u2018On Liberty: A Revaluation\u2019, in: JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism\u2026, p. 204.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote19_gszffzz\">19<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u062a (1759-1797) \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/strong>(Vindication of the rights of women)\u00a0\/ (1792) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u00bb \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u062e&#8230; \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u00bb (Domestic tyrants) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651.<a id=\"footnoteref20_yyhshff\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT, A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MEN and A VINDICATION O F THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN, Oxford, 1999, p. 279.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote20_yyhshff\">20<\/a>\u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0646\u0651.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651. \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064f\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0646\u0651. \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0651. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media media-element-container media-wysiwyg media-wysiwyg-align-center\">\n<div id=\"file-9513\" class=\"file file-image file-image-jpeg\">\n<h2 class=\"element-invisible\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/file\/491px-marywollstonecraftbyjohnopiec1797jpg\">491px-mary_wollstonecraft_by_john_opie_c._1797.jpg<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"content\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"media-element file-wysiwyg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/image_intext\/public\/491px-mary_wollstonecraft_by_john_opie_c._1797.jpg?resize=491%2C599&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"491\" height=\"599\" data-delta=\"2\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"required-fields group-text field-group-html-element\">\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u064a (\u062d 1797)- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0646\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 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\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0651. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media media-element-container media-wysiwyg media-wysiwyg-align-center\">\n<div id=\"file-9517\" class=\"file file-image file-image-jpeg\">\n<h2 class=\"element-invisible\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/file\/562px-bettyfriedan1960jpg\">562px-betty_friedan_1960.jpg<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"content\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"media-element file-wysiwyg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/image_intext\/public\/562px-betty_friedan_1960.jpg?resize=562%2C720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"562\" height=\"720\" data-delta=\"6\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"required-fields group-text field-group-html-element\">\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0646<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote23_4h1xm3n\">23<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 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href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote25_djeedkw\">25<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b (\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633). \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 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title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 95.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote26_y91u3qe\">26<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00bb (The equal pay act) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u00bb (\u0646\u0627\u0648)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1966\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629\u00bb<a id=\"footnoteref27_8gtz65e\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"ALBERT HOURANI, ARABIC THOUGHT IN THE LIBERAL AGE 1798- 1939, Cambridge, 2013, pp. 218 &amp; 325.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote27_8gtz65e\">27<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u00ab\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u00bb<a id=\"footnoteref28_lnbm6lg\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd &amp; its rivals 1919-1939, Ithaca Press, 1979, P. 70.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote28_lnbm6lg\">28<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u00ab\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641 \u2013 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u00bb<a id=\"footnoteref29_mdafw8t\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"ALBERT HOURANI, ARABIC THOUGHT\u2026, p. 182.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote29_mdafw8t\">29<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a 1927\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<a id=\"footnoteref30_jbo0nm2\" class=\"see-footnote\" title=\"\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c 16\/2\/2018.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote30_jbo0nm2\">30<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f\u00bb \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media media-element-container media-wysiwyg media-wysiwyg-align-center\">\n<div id=\"file-9512\" class=\"file file-image file-image-jpeg\">\n<h2 class=\"element-invisible\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/file\/15865356260jpg\">15865356260.jpg<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"content\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"media-element file-wysiwyg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/image_intext\/public\/15865356260.jpg?resize=600%2C338&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" data-delta=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"required-fields group-text field-group-html-element\">\n<div class=\"field field-name-field-caption field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f (1872-1963)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0641\u064a 1930 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0647 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0636\u062f\u0651 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href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote36_r0zx4pk\">36<\/a>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnote37_h2zgo49\">37<\/a>. \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 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\u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote2_a3mt4dr\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref2_a3mt4dr\">2.<\/a>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u0628\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote3_uhwjt6y\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref3_uhwjt6y\">3.<\/a>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u0646\u2026\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u00bb \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u00ab\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (Patriarcha) \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: John Locke, Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration (Edited and with an Introduction by Ian Shapiro), chap. 1, Yale, 2003.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote4_am84fpi\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref4_am84fpi\">4.<\/a>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 (Toleration) \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u00bb. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote5_g7szsn1\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref5_g7szsn1\">5.<\/a>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645. 6- JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by MARK PHILP and FREDERICK ROSEN), Oxford, 2015, p. 13.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote6_qwl5grr\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref6_qwl5grr\">6.<\/a>JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by MARK PHILP and FREDERICK ROSEN), Oxford, 2015, p. 13.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote7_fu12ld5\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref7_fu12ld5\">7.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 92. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 375.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote8_qi4t9k7\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref8_qi4t9k7\">8.<\/a>JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE, Harvard, 1999, pp. 214.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote9_khbjzkf\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref9_khbjzkf\">9.<\/a>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u062e\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0642\u062a\u0644. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: John Locke, Two Treatises \u2026, chap. 3, 2003.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote10_a5kqigm\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref10_a5kqigm\">10.<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b: Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book 1, Chicago, 1977, chap. 1-3.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote11_fnhlpio\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref11_fnhlpio\">11.<\/a>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b: DENNIS C. RASMUSSEN, The Problems and Promise of Commercial Society: Adam Smith\u2019s response to Rousseau, Pennsylvania, 2008. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u00bb. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 106-107.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote12_bn6biie\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref12_bn6biie\">12.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: Deborah Boucoyannis, Contrary to popular belief, Adam Smith did not accept inequality as a necessary trade-off for a more prosperous economy, EUROPP (European Politics and Policy), 19\/2\/2014. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u00ab\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 (\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631) 2021 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb: James Gustave Speth, <a href=\"https:\/\/lawreview.vermontlaw.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/10-Speth-Proof.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">LETTER TO LIBERALS: LIBERALISM, ENVIRONMENTALISM, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH<\/a>, (Lecture at the 30th Annual E. F. Schumacher Lectures, New York City, Nov. 20, 2010.)<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote13_elx9uue\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref13_elx9uue\">13.<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1759\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 17 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u00bb. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b).<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote14_uh904pj\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref14_uh904pj\">14.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: John Locke, Two Treatises \u2026, p. 238, 245-6 &amp; 249.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote15_a2agi0y\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref15_a2agi0y\">15.<\/a>JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism\u2026, p. 76.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote16_w65ooqm\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref16_w65ooqm\">16.<\/a>JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE, Harvard, 1999, pp. 137-145.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote17_faelz8g\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref17_faelz8g\">17.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 13.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote18_erqyuz6\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref18_erqyuz6\">18.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 325.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote19_gszffzz\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref19_gszffzz\">19.<\/a>\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0622\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u00bb. Richard A. Posner: \u2018On Liberty: A Revaluation\u2019, in: JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty, Utilitarianism\u2026, p. 204.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote20_yyhshff\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref20_yyhshff\">20.<\/a>MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT, A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MEN and A VINDICATION O F THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN, Oxford, 1999, p. 279.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote21_7icf3mu\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref21_7icf3mu\">21.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 9.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote22_ij0dr7n\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref22_ij0dr7n\">22.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 289.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote23_4h1xm3n\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref23_4h1xm3n\">23.<\/a>\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a &lt;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631&gt;\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d \u0647\u064a &lt;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a&gt;\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a le deuxi\u00e8me sexe \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0643\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629)<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote24_hfx1s6n\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref24_hfx1s6n\">24.<\/a>Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, A Dell Book, 1974, p. 7.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote25_djeedkw\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref25_djeedkw\">25.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 360-361.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote26_y91u3qe\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref26_y91u3qe\">26.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 95.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote27_8gtz65e\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref27_8gtz65e\">27.<\/a>ALBERT HOURANI, ARABIC THOUGHT IN THE LIBERAL AGE 1798- 1939, Cambridge, 2013, pp. 218 &amp; 325.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote28_lnbm6lg\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref28_lnbm6lg\">28.<\/a>Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd &amp; its rivals 1919-1939, Ithaca Press, 1979, P. 70.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote29_mdafw8t\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref29_mdafw8t\">29.<\/a>ALBERT HOURANI, ARABIC THOUGHT\u2026, p. 182.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote30_jbo0nm2\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref30_jbo0nm2\">30.<\/a>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/daraj.com\/1050\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/a> \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u060c 16\/2\/2018.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote31_tno16cx\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref31_tno16cx\">31.<\/a>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1922 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b (\u0623\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a 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Marius Deeb, Party Politics\u2026, p. 345-6.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote33_kcibdsj\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref33_kcibdsj\">33.<\/a>\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 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\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote34_l0ghasa\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref34_l0ghasa\">34.<\/a>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/node\/3225\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.\u0646\u062a\u060c 13\/9\/2021.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote35_um9kjc2\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref35_um9kjc2\">35.<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u0644\u0642 \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a 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\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0642\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u00ab\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote36_r0zx4pk\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref36_r0zx4pk\">36.<\/a>\u00ab\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u062e\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0635\u0627\u062d\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0623\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote37_h2zgo49\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref37_h2zgo49\">37.<\/a>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote38_reqpx64\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref38_reqpx64\">38.<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u061f\u00bb. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635. \u0635. 125-134.<\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote39_lw4upx5\" class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote-label\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/content\/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%91%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%9F#footnoteref39_lw4upx5\">39.<\/a>\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 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31\/10\/2021.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 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