{"id":53751,"date":"2022-06-03T22:07:17","date_gmt":"2022-06-03T19:07:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=53751"},"modified":"2022-06-03T22:07:17","modified_gmt":"2022-06-03T19:07:17","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=53751","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"postContent\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787ac4ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content\" data-id=\"787ac4ce\" 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\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 <sup><a id=\"foot-not-link-1\" href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-1\">1<\/a><\/sup>2016. P. 23-30.\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 (1919-1921)\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 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href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-10\">10<\/a><\/sup>\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-38940\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/363px-Palmiro-Togliatti-00504708.jpg?resize=363%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/363px-Palmiro-Togliatti-00504708.jpg 363w, https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/363px-Palmiro-Togliatti-00504708-227x300.jpg 227w\" alt=\"\" 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href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-18\">18<\/a><\/sup>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-38939\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Komintern_Historia_str.240.jpg?resize=900%2C667&#038;ssl=1\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Komintern_Historia_str.240.jpg 900w, https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Komintern_Historia_str.240-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Komintern_Historia_str.240-768x569.jpg 768w\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"667\" \/><figcaption>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 1933<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064f\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a 1947\u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 1943\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a 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srcset=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Enrico-Berlinguer_5523d44534253.jpeg 561w, https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Enrico-Berlinguer_5523d44534253-300x232.jpeg 300w\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"434\" \/><figcaption>\u0627\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fnContainer1\"><\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 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href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-37\">37<\/a><\/sup>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u064e\u0647 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 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href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-47\">47<\/a><\/sup>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 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href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-54\">54<\/a><\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fnContainer\"><\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 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data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6acad3b mobile-footnote elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6acad3b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n<div id=\"nots-list\" class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-499e54a\" data-id=\"499e54a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-199595a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"199595a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-1\">1.<\/a>Spencer M. Di Scala, \u2018Making Mussolini\u2019, in: Spencer M. Di Scala and Emilio Gentile (ed.), MUSSOLINI 1883-1915: Triumph and Transformation of a Revolutionary Socialist, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-2\">2.<\/a>V. I. Lenin, \u201cLeft-Wing\u201d Communism, an Infantile Disorder, INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, 1940. P. 48 &amp; 90.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-3\">3.<\/a>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b Aldo Agosti, PALMIRO TOGLIATTI: A Biography, I.B. Tauris, 2008, pp. 44-47.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-4\">4.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-5\">5.<\/a>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0631 <strong>\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 1947\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-6\">6.<\/a>Norberto Bobbio, \u2018Gromsci and the conception of civil society\u2019, in: Chantal Mouffe (ed.), Gromsci and Marxist Theory, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1979.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-7\">7.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: David Prody, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/communism-and-democracy-living-legacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Communism and Democracy<\/a> \u2013 a Living Legacy, Open Democracy, 27 April 2018<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-8\">8.<\/a>DAVID BRODER, <a href=\"https:\/\/jacobinmag.com\/2021\/02\/italian-left-community-party-pci-psi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Italian Left\u2019s Long Divorce from the Working Class<\/a>, Jacobin (magazine), 14\/2\/2021.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-9\">9.<\/a>E.J. Hobsbawm, The Great Gramsci, The New York Review of Books, April 4, 1974.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-10\">10.<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 Aldo Agosti, PALMIRO TOGLIATTI\u2026, pp. 80-90. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-11\">11.<\/a>\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a 1933 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-12\">12.<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a 1938 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629. (Aldo Agosti, PALMIRO TOGLIATTI\u2026, p. 131.)<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-13\">13.<\/a>Nicholas Farrell, Mussolini: A New Life, Endeavour Press Ltd., 2015, p. 371.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-14\">14.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 JOAN BARTH URBAN, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: From Togliatti to Berlinguer, Cornell University Press, 1986pp. 27-28. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-15\">15.<\/a>\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 1943\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a. Eric Hobsbawm, AGE OF EXTREMES\u2026, p. 73.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-16\">16.<\/a>\u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0648<\/strong> \u0641\u064a 1969 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1971 \u062d\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-17\">17.<\/a>Maria Antonietta Macciocchi, Letters from inside the Italian Communist Party to Louis Althusser, NLB, London, 1973. P. 128-129.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-18\">18.<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 130-131.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-19\">19.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/jacobinmag.com\/author\/david-broder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DAVID BRODER<\/a>, The Italian Left\u2019s Long Divorce\u2026<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-20\">20.<\/a>E. J. Hobsbawm, \u2018Introduction\u2019, in: DAVID FORGACS (ed.), THE GRAMSCI READER \u2013 Selected Writings 1916-1935, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2000.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-21\">21.<\/a> \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0648<\/strong> \u0641\u0637\u064f\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1991 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a \u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u00bb.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-22\">22.<\/a>LUCIO MAGRI, THE TAILOR OF ULM: COMMUNISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, VERSO, London-New York, 2011, p. 40-41.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-23\">23.<\/a>Agosti, PALMIRO TOGLIATTI\u2026, pp. 193.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-24\">24.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-25\">25.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: E. J. Hobsbawm, \u2018Introduction\u2019\u2026<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-26\">26.<\/a>LUCIO MAGRI, THE TAILOR\u2026, p. 123-124.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-27\">27.<\/a>E.J. Hobsbawm, The Great Gramsci\u2026<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-28\">28.<\/a> LUCIO MAGRI, THE TAILOR\u2026, p. 122<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-29\">29.<\/a>JOAN BARTH URBAN, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party\u2026, p. 265.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-30\">30.<\/a>LUCIO MAGRI, THE TAILOR\u2026, p. 228<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-31\">31.<\/a>JOAN BARTH URBAN, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party\u2026, p. 280.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-32\">32.<\/a> LUCIO MAGRI, THE TAILOR\u2026, p. 12.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-33\">33.<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 Giovanni Russo, \u2018Il Compromesso Storico: the Italian Communist party from 1968 to 1978\u2019, in: Paolo Filo della Torre, Edward Mortimer and Jonathan Story (ed.), Euro-Communism: Myth or Reality, Penguin, 1979.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-34\">34.<\/a>\u0637\u064f\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1977 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0638\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 68 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1969 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a 1973 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-35\">35.<\/a>Maria Antonietta Macciocchi, Letters \u2026, p. 94.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-36\">36.<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 269.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-37\">37.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: JOAN BARTH URBAN, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party\u2026, pp. 256-7.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-38\">38.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: Giovanni Russo, \u2018Il Compromesso Storico\u2026<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-39\">39.<\/a>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-40\">40.<\/a>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 1970\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u063a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb (1969-74)\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-41\">41.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: Robert Leonardi and Douglas A. Wertman, Italian Christian Democracy: The Politics of Dominance, Palgrave Macmillan, 1989..<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-42\">42.<\/a> \u0627\u062a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1991 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u00bb.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-43\">43.<\/a>\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1970 \u06481978\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:Robert Leonardi and Douglas A. Wertman, Italian Christian Democracy\u2026, p. 75.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-44\">44.<\/a>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629: \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0629\u00bb (not-no confidence).<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-45\">45.<\/a>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-46\">46.<\/a>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0643.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-47\">47.<\/a>Maria Antonietta Macciocchi, Letters \u2026, p. 274.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-48\">48.<\/a>JOAN BARTH URBAN, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party\u2026, p. 293.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-49\">49.<\/a>\u0639\u0646<a href=\"https:\/\/jacobinmag.com\/author\/david-broder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> DAVID BRODER<\/a>, The Italian Left\u2019s Long Divorce\u2026<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-50\">50.<\/a>\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-51\">51.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: Giovanni Russo, \u2018Il Compromesso Storico\u2026, p. 90.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-52\">52.<\/a>\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639) \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-53\">53.<\/a>JOAN BARTH URBAN, Moscow and the Italian Communist Party\u2026, p. 261.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-54\">54.<\/a>\u00a0LUCIO MAGRI, THE TAILOR\u2026, p. 290.<a href=\"https:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/ar\/2022\/06\/03\/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%85\/#foot-not-link-55\">55.<\/a>\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a 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