{"id":70530,"date":"2023-02-05T04:08:56","date_gmt":"2023-02-05T01:08:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=70530"},"modified":"2023-02-05T04:08:56","modified_gmt":"2023-02-05T01:08:56","slug":"%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=70530","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u00ab\u0623\u0632\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

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2.<\/a>Hisham Sharabi, Arab intellectuals and the West: the formative years, 1875-1914, Johns Hopkins Press, 1970, p. 46.<\/div>\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a 1926\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651<\/strong>\u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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5.<\/a>KARL MANNHEIM, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL, 1954, pp. 138-144.<\/div>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064e \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 (1928) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 (1952)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 (1948) \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642\u064c \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n

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8.<\/a>Stanley Pierson, Marxist Intellectuals and the Working-Class Mentality in Germany, 1887-1912, Harvard, 1993, P. 61.<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1895 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u00bb.8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u064e\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0644 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (economism) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0651\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0637\u0647\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 (eclecticism) \u062a\u064e\u0637\u0647\u064f\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u00bb \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0643\u00a0\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0627\u063a\u0648<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0628\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651.<\/p>\n

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9.<\/a>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u0647: STUART FINKEL, On the Ideological Front: THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA AND THE MAKING OF THE SOVIET PUBLIC SPHERE, Yale and New Haven, 2007, pp. 7-10.<\/div>\n

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10.<\/a>Frantz Fanon, THE WRETCHED OF THE EARTH (Preface by JEAN-PAUL SARTRE), Grove Press, 1963, p. 188.<\/div>\n

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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u00bb \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

11.<\/a>\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b:QUINTIN HOARE and GEOFFREY NOWELL SMITH (ed.), SELECTIONS FROM THE PRISON NOTEBOOKS OF ANTONIO GRAMSCI, INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS \u2013 New York, 11th<\/sup>\u00a0ed., 1992. pp. 5-14 & 102-104.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0651\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c11<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

12.<\/a>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061f<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u062a<\/strong>\u060c 3\/6\/2022.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1945\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u062e\u2026 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627.12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u0644\u0650\u062c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u062e\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646\u00bb (non-intellectuals)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

13.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. QUINTIN HOARE and GEOFFREY NOWELL SMITH (ed.), SELECTIONS FROM THE PRISON NOTEBOOKS\u2026, pp. 6-7.<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646\u060c13<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

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14.<\/a>Chantal Mouffe, \u2018Hegemony and ideology in Gramsci\u2019, in: Chantal Mouffe (ed.), Gromsci and Marxist Theory, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, P. 187.15.<\/a>DAVID FORGACS (ed.), THE GRAMSCI READER: Selected Writings 1916-1935, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2000, p. 310.\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0651 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\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong>\u00a0(1978)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0(1993). \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u00bb \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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19.<\/a>KARL MANNHEIM, Ideology and Utopia\u2026, p. 34.<\/div>\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

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22.<\/a>\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0637 2\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635. 277.<\/div>\n

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23.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 5\u060c \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 2013.<\/div>\n

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24.<\/a>\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c\u00a0\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u0649 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 251\u060c 19\/9\/2002.<\/div>\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

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25.<\/a>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639Mcebisi Ndletyana,\u00a0\u2018<\/strong>The early ANC: Leadership steeped in intellectual curiosity\u2019, in: Mail and Guardian, 8 Jan 2022.<\/div>\n

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26.<\/a>Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, \u2018On Cooperation\u2019, in: Lenin\u2019s Collected Works, 2nd English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1965, Volume 33, p. 467-75.<\/div>\n

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27.<\/a>\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a \u0631\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0650\u0646\u063a \u062f\u064a\u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a 1959 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u00bb.\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0651 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:Frank Dikotter, The Cultural Revolution: A People\u2019s History, 1962-1976, \u200e Bloomsbury, 2017.<\/div>\n

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29.<\/a>Edward Said, \u2018Goodbye to Mahfouz\u2019, in: London Review of Books, Vol. 10 No. 22 \u00b7 8 December 1988.\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u064a\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u00ab\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0627\u0626\u0633. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u063a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631) \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u00bb.Edward W. Said, CULTURE AND IMPERIALISM, VINTAGE BOOKS, 1994, p. 330.<\/div>\n

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\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n
30.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c\u00a0\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u00a0\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d<\/strong>\u060c 23\/6\/2022.<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0627\u063a\u0648) \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb.30<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064e \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1972\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n

31.<\/a>\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\/\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\/ \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651<\/strong>\u060c 14\/10\/2022.<\/div>\n

\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 22 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641<\/strong>\u00a0(20 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1972)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0631<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u00bb. \u0648\u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e\u00bb \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 (\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646) \u00ab\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0630\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0651 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u00bb. \u0641\u0640\u00ab\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u00ab\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0627\u064b\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0627\u064b (\u2026) \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0651\u00bb.31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0651\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0636\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

32.<\/a>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651.33.<\/a>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 2005\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 17 \u064877-86 \u0648137 \u0648240.<\/div>\n

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35.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: jens Hanssen, \u2018Albert\u2019s World: Historicism, Liberal Imperialism and the Struggle for Palestine, 1936\u201348\u2019, in: Jens Hanssen & Max Weiss, Arabic Thought Beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda, Cambridge, 2016, p. 63.\u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb.C.A. Bayly, \u2018Indian and Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age\u2019,\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0635. 326. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/div>\n

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36.<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1979\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1984 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/div>\n

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37.<\/a>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/a>.<\/div>\n

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38.<\/a>\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u060c 4\/5\/2020. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u062d\u0632\u062d\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b.<\/div>\n

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43.<\/a>TONY JUDT, REAPPRAISALS: REFLECTIONS ON THE FORGOTTEN TWENTIETH CENTURY, PENGUIN, 2008. pp. 125-126.<\/div>\n

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44.<\/a>\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/div>\n

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45.<\/a>Iain Stewart, Raymond Aron and Liberal thought in the twentieth century, Cambridge, 2020, P. 24 & 40.<\/div>\n

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46.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: Daniele Conversi, Ernest Gellner as Critic of Social Thought: Nationalism, Closed Systems and the Central European Tradition,\u00a0<\/strong>Nations and Nationalism 5 (4), 1999, 515-565. \u00a9ASEN, 1999<\/div>\n

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47.<\/a>Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, Routledge & Keagan Paul, 1957, pp. 66-7.<\/div>\n

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 <\/p>\n

“\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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