{"id":75835,"date":"2023-04-17T04:33:01","date_gmt":"2023-04-17T01:33:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=75835"},"modified":"2023-04-17T04:33:01","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T01:33:01","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=75835","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645\u00bb \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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1.<\/a>Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde: The Birth of Socialism and Marxism in France, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, pp. 29 & 34<\/div>\n

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2.<\/a>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1880\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0642\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 (\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647) \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:Karl Marx and Jules Guesde 1880,\u00a0The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier<\/a><\/div>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f\u00bb: \u0641\u0641\u064a 1880 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u00ab\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u06332<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u00bb.<\/p>\n

3.<\/a>Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde\u2026, pp. 44 & 48.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u00ab\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u00bb \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0651\u0628\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u00bb3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0632\u0650\u062a\u0643\u0650\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0646\u0650\u062e\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0641\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0644\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

4.<\/a>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a 1889 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u064e \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 1894\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0651 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u06274<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

5.<\/a>Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde\u2026, p. 34<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 (\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646) \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064c \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1883 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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6.<\/a>B. D. Graham, Choice and Democratic Order: The French Socialist Party, 1937-1950, CAMBRIDGE, 2006. 26-27.\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647 (1871-1944) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0641\u064a 1905 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/div>\n

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7.<\/a>Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde\u2026, p. 95-6.<\/div>\n

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8.<\/a>David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists: The Case of the French Socialist Party, Palgrave, 2014. P. 33<\/div>\n

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10.<\/a>Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde\u2026, 2020, p. 76.<\/div>\n

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11.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:B. D. Graham, Choice and Democratic Order\u2026, p. 90.<\/div>\n

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12.<\/a>Isaac Deutscher, The prophet armed \u2013 Trotsky: 1819-1921, Oxford, 1987, p. 239.<\/div>\n

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\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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13.<\/a>Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde\u2026, p. 48 & 164.<\/div>\n

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14.<\/a>B. D. Graham, Choice and Democratic OrdONer\u2026, p. 9.<\/div>\n

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15.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 10-11.<\/div>\n

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17.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 35.<\/div>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0626\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0626\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

18.<\/a>PAUL V. DUTTON, ORIGINS OF THE FRENCH WELFARE STATE: The struggle for social reform in France 1914-1947, Cambridge, 2004, p. 137<\/div>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u00bb (CGT)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 5.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a 1936\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1935. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 50 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 (\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631) 1936 \u0625\u0644\u0649 775 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u064518<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 12 \u064815 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

19.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 145-6 \u0648159.<\/div>\n

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20.<\/a>B. D. Graham, Choice and Democratic Order\u2026, p. 386.<\/div>\n

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21.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 388-9.<\/div>\n

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22.<\/a>\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 (1851-1925) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064e \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u00ab\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u00bb \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645. \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0629.23.<\/a>\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: PAUL V. DUTTON, ORIGINS\u2026, p. 5-7.<\/div>\n

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24.<\/a>Jean-Francois Revel, THE TOTALITARIAN TEMPTATION, Penguin, 1977, p. 81.<\/div>\n

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25.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists\u2026, p. 83.<\/div>\n

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26.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 92-3 \u064847-8.<\/div>\n

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28.<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0651 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u00bb \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064bEdward Mortimer, \u2018Un Socialisme aux Couleurs de la France: the French Communist Party\u2019, in: Paolo Filo della Torre, Edward Mortimer and Jonathan Story (ed.), Euro-Communism: Myth or Reality, Penguin, 1979<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0638\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 1947 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1947\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062928<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u064e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064d \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0630\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

29.<\/a>David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists\u2026, p. 93<\/div>\n

\u0628\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0636\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1974\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a 1973 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1974 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651. \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0628\u063a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (49\u060c2 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629) \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u064429<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
30.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: IAIN STEWART, RAYMOND ARON AND LIBERAL THOUGHT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, Cambridge, 2020, p. 216<\/div>\n

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31.<\/a>David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists.\u2026, p. 149-150.<\/div>\n

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\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1973 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u06481974 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1976 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n

32.<\/a>Jean-Francois Revel, THE TOTALITARIAN TEMPTATION\u2026, p. 330.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0650\u0641\u0650\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1976\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u062732<\/a><\/sup>\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0651\u0641 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1936\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0631\u064c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

33.<\/a>Line Rennwald, Social Democratic Parties and the Working Class New Voting Patterns, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, p. 105<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1978\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1936\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u064e\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 22.8 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c 16.5 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u063733<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

34.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 40-41\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 28 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629. \u0635. 43.<\/div>\n

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35.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 Stanley Hoffmann, \u2018Mitterrand vs. France?<\/a>\u2019, in: The New York Review of Books, 27\/9\/1984.<\/div>\n

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37.<\/a>Mathieu Fulla,\u00a0the rise and fall of French Socialism as a national party of government<\/a>, in: The progressive post, April, 2022.<\/div>\n

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38.<\/a>David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists\u2026, p.107.<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652 \u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647. \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0623\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u065138<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

39.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 60.<\/div>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u062a\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0637 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u065139<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

40.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 7.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 (1981-8)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u064f\u0641\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062940<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

41.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 107-108.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 198541<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

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42.<\/a>\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 61.<\/div>\n

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\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0643\u064f\u0646\u00bb (cohabitation)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627: \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1958\u060c \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 1988\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u064b: \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u00bb (RMI)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n

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43.<\/a>Line Rennwald, Social Democratic Parties\u2026, p. 105.<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0650\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1988-95)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a 1991 \u0623\u064f\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0645\u0643\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0641\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a 1992\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0628\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u00bb \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0652 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u062d (\u0633\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627) \u0623\u0645\u0639\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1993 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 17\u060c6 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u065143<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

44.<\/a>\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/div>\n

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45.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists\u2026, p. 58-9.<\/div>\n

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46.<\/a>Philippe Marli\u00e8re, \u2018Of What Use Is the French Socialist Party?<\/a>\u2019, In: Mouvements Volume 69, Issue 1, 2012<\/div>\n

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\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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48.<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635. 110.<\/div>\n

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49.<\/a>David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists\u2026, p. 111-112.<\/div>\n

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\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649: \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u00bb \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u00bb49<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

50.<\/a>Philippe Marli\u00e8re, Of What Use\u2026<\/div>\n

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51.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631Mathieu Fulla, the rise and fall of French Socialism\u2026<\/div>\n

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\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (2011) \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 2012 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a. \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0635\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628.<\/p>\n

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52.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 Kim Willsher, \u2018Abandoned<\/a>\u2019 French working class ready to punish left\u2019s neglect by voting for far right, the Observer, 22\/3\/2015.53.<\/a>\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a 1964 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a 1974\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u064e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb.<\/div>\n

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54.<\/a>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631David S. Bell & Byron Criddle, Exceptional Socialists\u2026, p. 39-40.<\/div>\n

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55.<\/a>Mathieu Fulla, the rise and fall of French Socialism\u2026<\/div>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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