{"id":76139,"date":"2023-04-25T23:01:43","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T20:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=76139"},"modified":"2023-04-25T23:01:43","modified_gmt":"2023-04-25T20:01:43","slug":"%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%86-%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d9%82%d9%8e%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arraee.net\/?p=76139","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u064e\u0637"},"content":{"rendered":"
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 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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    \n
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  3. \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0632\u064e\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0650\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  5. \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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    \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0621\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/strong> (1996)\u060c \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u00ab\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u062a\u0634 \u2019\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u2018. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb (1996: 234).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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    \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062d\u064f\u0651\u0635\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647. \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 <\/strong>\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. (Adams: 296; see Levy 1999: 598; Payne 1999: 618)<\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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    \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00bb\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b (Sakolsky & Koehnline 1993)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0631 (1991) 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     <\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f [\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a] \u0643\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u2934<\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

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     <\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\n

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    (\u0637) \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 1989 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a 1848 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a 1848\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

    (\u064a) \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064f\u0651\u0639\u064c \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631): \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

    (\u0643) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064f\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

    (\u0644) \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0628\u062b \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

    (\u0645) \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \n

    \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/b><\/h2>\n

    \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2934<\/a><\/p>\n

    Adams, John<\/b><\/p>\n

    1797\u00a0Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, Against the Attack of M. Turgot in his Letter to Dr. Price<\/i>, Dated the Twenty-Second Day of March, 1778. Philadelphia: W. Cobbet.<\/p>\n

    Arrighi, Giovanni, Ahmad, Iftikhar, and Miin-wen Shih<\/b><\/p>\n

    1997 \u201cBeyond Western Hegemonies.\u201d Paper presented at the XXI Meeting of the Social Science History Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 10-13, 1996. Available at: http:\/\/fbc.binghamton.edu\/gaht5.htm.<\/p>\n

    Arrighi, Giovanni, Po-Keung Hui, Ho-Fung Hung, and Mark Selden<\/b><\/p>\n

    2003 \u201cHistorical Capitalism, East and West.\u201d In\u00a0The Resurgence of East Asia: 500, 150, and 50 Year Perspectives<\/i>\u00a0(G. Arrighi, T. Hamashita, and M. Selden, eds.). London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

    Axtell, James<\/b><\/p>\n

    1985\u00a0The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America.<\/i>\u00a0Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

    Baechler, Jean<\/b><\/p>\n

    1985\u00a0D\u00e9mocraties,<\/i>\u00a0Paris: Calmann-L\u00e9vy.<\/p>\n

    Benjamin, Walter<\/b><\/p>\n

    1978 \u201cCritique of Violence.\u201d In\u00a0Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, and Autobiographical Writings.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.<\/p>\n

    Calloway, Colin<\/b><\/p>\n

    1997\u00a0New Worlds For All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America.<\/i>\u00a0Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.<\/p>\n

    Castoriadis, Cornelius<\/b><\/p>\n

    1991\u00a0Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy: Essays in Political Philosophy.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

    Collier, George A. with Elizabeth Lowery Quaratiello<\/b><\/p>\n

    1999\u00a0Basta! Land & The Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas.<\/i>\u00a0Revised Edition. Oakland: Food First Books.<\/p>\n

    Dever, William G.<\/b><\/p>\n

    2000 \u201cHow Was Ancient Israel Different?\u201d In\u00a0The Breakout: The Origins of Civilization,<\/i>\u00a0M. Lamber-Karlovsky, ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

    Dupuis-D\u00e9ri, Francis<\/b><\/p>\n

    1999 \u201cL\u2019Esprit Anti-D\u00e9mocratique des Fondateurs des \u2018D\u00e9mocraties\u2019 modernes.\u201d\u00a0Agone<\/i>\u00a022: 95-113.<\/p>\n

    2002 \u201cThe Struggle Between Political Agoraphobia and Agoraphilia.\u201d Paper presented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, political science workshop.<\/p>\n

    2004 \u201cThe Political Power of Words: The Birth of Pro-Democratic Discourse in the Nineteenth Century in the United States and Canada.\u201d\u00a0Political Studies<\/i>\u00a052: 118-134.<\/p>\n

    2005 \u201cAnarchy in Political Philosophy.\u201d\u00a0Anarchist Studies.<\/i>\u00a0Volume 13 no 1: 8-22.<\/p>\n

    Federici, Silvia, ed.<\/b><\/p>\n

    1995\u00a0Enduring Western Civilization: The Construction of the Concept of Western Civilization and its \u201cOthers.\u201d<\/i>\u00a0London: Praeger.<\/p>\n

    Gilroy, Paul<\/b><\/p>\n

    1993\u00a0The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness.<\/i>\u00a0Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

    Godbout, Jacques<\/b><\/p>\n

    2005 \u201cPas de repr\u00e9sentation sans repr\u00e9sentativite?\u201d\u00a0Revue du MAUSS Semestrielle<\/i>\u00a0No. 26: 90-104.<\/p>\n

    GoGwilt, Chris<\/b><\/p>\n

    1995 \u201cTrue West: The Changing Idea of the West from the 1880s to the 1920s.\u201d In\u00a0Western Civilization and its \u201cOthers\u201d<\/i>\u00a0(S. Federici, ed.). London: Praeger.<\/p>\n

    Graeber, David<\/b><\/p>\n

    2001\u00a0Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Palgrave.<\/p>\n

    2004\u00a0Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology.<\/i>\u00a0Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

    2005 \u201cFetishism and Social Creativity, or Fetishes are Gods in Process of Construction.\u201d\u00a0Anthropological Theory,<\/i>\u00a0Volume 5 no 4: 407\u2014438. [Chapter 4 in this volume]<\/p>\n

    Grinde, Donald A.<\/b><\/p>\n

    1977\u00a0The Iroquois and the Founding of the American Nation.<\/i>\u00a0San Francisco: Indian Historian Press.<\/p>\n

    Grinde, Donald A., and Bruce E. Johansen<\/b><\/p>\n

    1990\u00a0Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of Democracy.<\/i>\u00a0Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u201cSauce for the Goose: Demand and Definitions for \u2018Proof\u2019 Regarding the Iroquois and Democracy.\u201d\u00a0William & Mary Quarterly<\/i>53 (3): 628-635.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Hammond, Mason<\/b><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u201cThe Indo-European Origins of the Concept of a Democratic Society.\u201d In\u00a0The Breakout: The Origins of Civilization<\/i>(M. Lamber-Karlovsky, ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Ho, Engseng<\/b><\/p>\n

        2004 \u201cEmpire Through Diasporic Eyes: A View From the Other Boat.\u201d\u00a0Comparative Studies in Society and History<\/i>\u00a046(2): 210-246.<\/p>\n

        Huntington, Samuel P<\/b><\/p>\n

        1993 \u201cThe Clash of Civilizations.\u201d\u00a0Foreign Affairs<\/i>\u00a072(3): 22-48.<\/p>\n

        1996 \u201cThe West: Unique, Not Universal.\u201d\u00a0Foreign Affairs<\/i>\u00a075(1): 28-46,<\/p>\n

        Johansen, Bruce<\/p>\n

        1982\u00a0Forgotten Founders: How the American Indian Helped Shape Democracy.<\/i>\u00a0Boston: Harvard Common Press.<\/p>\n

        1998\u00a0Debating Democracy: Native American Legacy of Freedom.<\/i>\u00a0Santa Fe: Clear Light Publishers.<\/p>\n

        Kyle, Donald G.<\/b><\/p>\n

        1998\u00a0Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n

        Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.<\/b><\/p>\n

        2000 \u201cThe Eastern \u2018Breakout\u2019 and the Mesopotamian Social Contract.\u201d In\u00a0The Breakout: The Origins of Civilization<\/i>\u00a0(M. Lamber-Karlovsky, ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

        Lamberg-Karlovsky, Martha, ed.<\/b><\/p>\n

        2000\u00a0The Breakout: The Origins of Civilization.<\/i>\u00a0Peabody Museum Monographs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

        Levy, Philip A.<\/b><\/p>\n

        1996 \u201cExemplars of Taking Liberties: The Iroquois Influence Thesis and the Problem of Evidence.\u201d\u00a0William & Mary Quarterly<\/i>\u00a053(3): 587-604.<\/p>\n

        Levy-Bruhl, Lucien<\/b><\/p>\n

        1986 [1926]\u00a0How Natives Think<\/i>\u00a0(Lilian Clare, trans.). Salem: Ayer & Co.<\/p>\n

        Lewis, Martin W., and K\u00e4ren E. Wigen<\/b><\/p>\n

        1997\u00a0The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography.<\/i>\u00a0Berkeley: University of California Press.<\/p>\n

        Linebaugh, Peter<\/b><\/p>\n

        1991\u00a0The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press.<\/p>\n

        Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker<\/b><\/p>\n

        2000\u00a0Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic.<\/i>\u00a0Boston: Beacon Press.<\/p>\n

        Lomar, Kathryn, and Tim Cornell, eds.<\/b><\/p>\n

        2003\u00a0\u201cBread and Circuses\u201d: Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy.<\/i>\u00a0London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

        Lovejoy, Arthur<\/b><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u201cThe Chinese Origin of a Romanticism.\u201d In\u00a0Essays in the History of Ideas.<\/i>New York: George Braziller.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          MacGaffey, Wyatt<\/b><\/p>\n

          1994 \u201cAfrican Objects and the Idea of the Fetish.\u201d\u00a0RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics<\/i>\u00a025: 123\u201431.<\/p>\n

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          1994 \u201cOn Legitimacy and Political Deliberation.\u201d In\u00a0New French Thought: Political Philosophy<\/i>\u00a0(M. Lilia, ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

          Mann, Michael<\/b><\/p>\n

          1999 \u201cThe Dark Side of Democracy: the Modern Tradition of Ethnic and Political Cleansing.\u201d\u00a0New Left Review<\/i>\u00a0235: 18-45.<\/p>\n

          Markoff, John<\/b><\/p>\n

          1995\u00a0Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change.<\/i>\u00a0Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.<\/p>\n

          1999 \u201cWhere and When Was Democracy Invented?\u201d\u00a0Comparative Studies in Society and History<\/i>\u00a041(4): 660\u2014690.<\/p>\n

          Mignolo, Walter D.<\/b><\/p>\n

          2002 \u201cThe Many Faces of Cosmo-polis: Border Thinking and Critical Cosmopolitanism.\u201d In\u00a0Cosmopolitanism<\/i>\u00a0(C. Breckenridge, S. Pollock, H. Bhabha, and D. Chakrabarty, eds.). Durham: Duke University Press.<\/p>\n

          Muhlberger, Steven, and Phil Paine<\/b><\/p>\n

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          1999\u00a0Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State<\/i>\u00a0(Maurizia Boscagli, trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n

          Newman, Michael<\/b><\/p>\n

          1998 \u201cFounding Feathers: The Iroquois and the Constitution.\u201d\u00a0The New Republic<\/i>\u00a0199(19): 17-21.<\/p>\n

          Ober, Josiah<\/b><\/p>\n

          1996\u00a0The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory.<\/i>\u00a0Princeton: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

          Ostrom, Elinor<\/b><\/p>\n

          1990\u00a0Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.<\/i>\u00a0Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

          Payne, Samuel B.<\/b><\/p>\n

          1997 \u201cThe Iroquois League, the Articles of the Confederation, and the Constitution.\u201d\u00a0William and Mary Quarterly<\/i>\u00a053(3): 605-620.<\/p>\n

          Pietz, William<\/b><\/p>\n

          1985 \u201cThe Problem of the Fetish I.\u201d\u00a0RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics<\/i>\u00a09: 5-17.<\/p>\n

          1987 \u201cThe Problem of the Fetish II: The Origin of the Fetish.\u201d\u00a0RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics<\/i>\u00a013: 23-45.<\/p>\n

          1988 \u201cThe Problem of the Fetish IIIa: Bosman\u2019s Guinea and the Enlightenment Theory of Fetishism.\u201d\u00a0RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics<\/i>\u00a016: 105\u2014123.<\/p>\n

          Rediker, Marcus<\/b><\/p>\n

          1981 \u2018\u201cUnder the Banner of King Death\u2019: The Social World of Anglo-American Pirates, 1716\u20141726.\u201d\u00a0William & Mary Quarterly<\/i>, 3rd series, 38(2): 203-227.<\/p>\n

          1987\u00a0Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700\u20141750.<\/i>\u00a0Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

          2004\u00a0Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age.<\/i>\u00a0Beacon Press: Boston.<\/p>\n

          Ross, John<\/b><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. The War Against Oblivion: The Zapatista Chronicles.<\/i>Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Rus, Jan, Rosalva A\u00edda Hern\u00e1ndez Castillo, and Shannan L. Mattiace<\/b><\/p>\n

            2003\u00a0Mayan Lives, Mayan Utopias: The Indigenous Peoples of Chiapas and the Zapatista Rebellion.<\/i>\u00a0Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.<\/p>\n

            Sakolsky, Ron and James Koehnline, eds.<\/b><\/p>\n

            1993\u00a0Gone to Croatan: The Origins of North American Dropout Culture.<\/i>\u00a0Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.<\/p>\n

            Sartori, Giovanni<\/b><\/p>\n

            1987\u00a0The Theory of Democracy Revisited.<\/i>\u00a0Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.<\/p>\n

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            1993 \u201cAthenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists.\u201d\u00a0PS: Political Science and Politics<\/i>\u00a0(26)3: 486-490,<\/p>\n

            Snow, Dean R.<\/b><\/p>\n

            1994\u00a0The Iroquois.<\/i>\u00a0London: Blackwell.<\/p>\n

            Tooker, Elizabeth<\/b><\/p>\n

            1988 \u201cThe United States Constitution and the Iroquois League.\u201d\u00a0Ethnohistory<\/i>\u00a035: 305-36.<\/p>\n

            1990 \u201cRejoinder to Johansen.\u201d\u00a0Ethnohistory<\/i>\u00a037: 291-297.<\/p>\n

            Toynbee, Arnold<\/b><\/p>\n

            1934-1961\u00a0A Study of History.<\/i>\u00a012 volumes. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

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            2003\u00a0Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Palgrave.<\/p>\n

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            1976\u00a0Le Pain et Le Cirque: Sociologie Historique d\u2019un Pluralisme Politique.<\/i>\u00a0Paris: Editions du Seuil.<\/p>\n

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            1998 \u201cA Leftist Plea for Eurocentrism.\u201d\u00a0Critical Inquiry<\/i>\u00a024: 989\u20141009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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